Effect of octreotide on oxidative stress in the erythrocyte and kidney tissue in adriamycin-induced experimental nephrotic syndrome model / Efeito do octreotide no estresse oxidativo em eritrócitos e no tecido renal no modelo de síndrome nefrótica experimental induzida por adriamicina

Abstract Introduction: Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is one of the reasons of end-stage kidney disease, and elucidating the pathogenesis and offer new treatment options is important. Oxidative stress might trigger pathogenesis systemically or isolated in the kidneys. Octreotide (OCT) has beneficial antioxidant effects. We aimed to investigate the source of oxidative stress and the effect of OCT on experimental NS model. Methods: Twenty-four non-uremic Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups. Control group, 2 mL saline intramuscular (im); NS group, adriamycin 5 mg/kg intravenous (iv); NS treatment group, adriamycin 5 mg/kg (iv) and OCT 200 mcg/kg (im) were administered at baseline (Day 0). At the end of 21 days, creatinine and protein levels were measured in 24-hour urine samples. Erythrocyte and renal catalase (CAT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) were measured. Renal histology was also evaluated. Results: There was no significant difference among the 3 groups in terms of CAT and TBARS in erythrocytes. Renal CAT level was lowest in NS group, and significantly lower than the control group. In treatment group, CAT level significantly increased compared with NS group. In terms of renal histology, tubular and interstitial evaluations were similar in all groups. Glomerular score was significantly higher in NS group compared with control group and it was significantly decreased in treatment group compared to NS group. Conclusions: Oxidative stress in NS might be due to the decrease in antioxidant protection mechanism in kidney. Octreotide improves antioxidant levels and histology in renal tissue and might be a treatment option.

Resumo Introdução: Síndrome nefrótica (SN) é uma das causas de doença renal em estágio terminal. É importante elucidar a patogênese e oferecer novas opções de tratamento. Estresse oxidativo pode desencadear a patogênese sistemicamente ou isoladamente nos rins. O octreotide (OCT) tem efeitos antioxidantes benéficos. Nosso objetivo foi investigar a fonte de estresse oxidativo e efeito do OCT no modelo experimental de SN. Métodos: Dividimos 24 ratos albinos Wistar não urêmicos em 3 grupos. Grupo controle, 2 mL de solução salina intramuscular (im); grupo SN, adriamicina 5 mg/kg intravenosa (iv); grupo tratamento SN, adriamicina 5 mg/kg (iv) e OCT 200 mcg/kg (im) foram administrados no início do estudo (Dia 0). Aos 21 dias, mediram-se os níveis de creatinina e proteína em amostras de urina de 24 horas. Mediu-se a catalase (CAT) eritrocitária e renal e a substância reativa ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). Avaliou-se também histologia renal. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa entre os três grupos em termos de CAT e TBARS em eritrócitos. O nível de CAT renal foi menor no grupo SN e significativamente menor que no grupo controle. No grupo tratamento, o nível de CAT aumentou significativamente em comparação com o grupo SN. Quanto à histologia renal, as avaliações tubular e intersticial foram semelhantes em todos os grupos. O escore glomerular foi significativamente maior no grupo SN em comparação com o grupo controle e diminuiu significativamente no grupo de tratamento em comparação com o grupo SN. Conclusões: Estresse oxidativo na SN pode ser devido à diminuição do mecanismo de proteção antioxidante nos rins. O octreotide melhora níveis de antioxidantes e histologia do tecido renal e pode ser uma opção de tratamento.

Cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality risk in patients receiving hemodialysis: a prospective cohort / Aptidão cardiorrespiratória e risco de mortalidade em pacientes em hemodiálise: uma coorte prospectiva

ABSTRACT Background: Kidney failure reduces life expectancy by one-third compared with the general population, and cardiovascular complications and poor cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are the main causes. We aimed to evaluate the association between severely low CRF and all-cause mortality risk in HD patients. Methods: This observational prospective cohort study followed-up patients receiving HD from August 2015 until March 2022. Cardiorespiratory fitness was evaluated through the cardiopulmonary exercise test, and the peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) value was used to determine severely low CRF (< 15 mL∙kg−1∙min−1). Cox regression and univariate Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to evaluate the association of severely low CRF with mortality risk and survival rate. Results: Forty-eight patients were followed-up for a median of 33.0 [14.3 - 49.3] months. A total of 26 patients had severely low CRF. During the follow-up period, 11 patients (22.92%) died from all causes. From these, eight (30.8%) had severely low CRF. Even so, severely low CRF was not associated with crude death rates for patients stratified by CRF levels (p = 0.189), neither in unadjusted (HR 2.18; CI 95% 0.58−8.23) nor in adjusted (HR 1.32; CI 95% 0.31−5.59) Cox proportional hazard models. As a continuous variable, VO2peak was not associated with mortality risk (HR 1.01; CI 95% 0.84−1.21). Univariate Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with severely low CRF did not have significantly worse survival rates than those with mild-moderate CRF (p = 0.186). Conclusion: Our findings indicated that severely low CRF was not associated with all-cause mortality in patients on HD. Despite severely low CRF being prevalent, larger cohort studies are needed to establish strong conclusions on its association with all-cause mortality.

RESUMO Introdução A insuficiência renal reduz a expectativa de vida em um terço comparada à população em geral. Complicações cardiovasculares e baixa aptidão cardiorrespiratória (ACR) são as principais causas. Avaliamos a associação entre ACR muito baixa e risco de mortalidade por todas as causas em pacientes em HD. Métodos Este estudo de coorte prospectivo observacional acompanhou pacientes em HD de agosto/2015 a março/2022. Avaliou-se a aptidão cardiorrespiratória pelo teste de exercício cardiopulmonar, e o valor do pico do consumo de oxigênio (VO2pico) foi usado para determinar ACR muito baixa (< 15 mL∙kg−1∙min−1). Utilizamos regressão de Cox e análise univariada de Kaplan-Meier para avaliar associação da ACR muito baixa com o risco de mortalidade e taxa de sobrevida. Resultados Acompanhamos 48 pacientes por uma média de 33,0 [14,3 - 49,3] meses. Um total de 26 pacientes apresentaram ACR muito baixa. No período de acompanhamento, 11 pacientes (22,92%) foram a óbito por todas as causas. Destes, oito (30,8%) apresentavam ACR muito baixa. Mesmo assim, ACR muito baixa não foi associada a taxas brutas de mortalidade para pacientes estratificados por níveis de ACR (p = 0,189), nem em modelos de risco proporcional de Cox não ajustados (HR 2,18; IC 95% 0,58-8,23) ou ajustados (HR 1,32; IC 95% 0,31-5,59). Como variável contínua, VO2pico não foi associado ao risco de mortalidade (HR 1,01; IC 95% 0,84-1,21). A análise univariada de Kaplan-Meier mostrou que pacientes com ACR muito baixa não apresentaram taxas de sobrevida significativamente piores do que aqueles com ACR leve-moderada (p = 0,186). Conclusão Nossos achados indicaram que a ACR muito baixa não foi associada à mortalidade por todas as causas em pacientes em HD. Apesar de ACR muito baixa ser prevalente, são necessários estudos de coorte maiores para estabelecer conclusões sólidas sobre sua associação com mortalidade por todas as causas.

Wearable near-infrared spectroscopy: reliability and sensitivity among different endurance cycling exercise intensities

The present study investigated the reliability and sensitivity of a wearable near-infrared spectroscopy (wNIRS) device in moderate and heavy exercise intensity domains. On three separate days, eleven males performed an incremental test to exhaustion, and in the following visits, four submaximal constant-load bouts (i.e., test and retest) were performed in the moderate-intensity domain (100 and 130 W) and heavy-intensity domain (160 and 190 W). The local tissue oxygen saturation index (SmO2) and pulmonary oxygen uptake (V̇O2) were measured continuously. The absolute SmO2 and V̇O2 values and the change (Δ) from the 3rd to 6th min of exercise were calculated. There was good reliability for SmO2 measurements, as indicated by the high intraclass correlation coefficient analysis (ICC ≥0.84 for all) and low coefficient of variation between the two trials (CV ≤4.1% for all). Steady-state responses were observed for SmO2 and V̇O2 from the 3rd to the 6th min in the two moderate-intensity bouts (P>0.05), whereas SmO2 decreased and V̇O2 increased from the 3rd to the 6th min in the two heavy-intensity bouts (P<0.05). Together, these findings suggested that the SmO2 measured with a wNIRS device is reliable and sensitive to track local metabolic changes provoked by slight increments in exercise intensity.

The bioprotective role of irradiated hibiscus against harmful effects of using repeatedly frying edible oil / O papel bioprotetor do hibisco irradiado contra os efeitos nocivos do uso de óleo comestível para fritar

Abstract Repeatedly frying process of dietary edible oil has a potential role in the generation of free radicals. Therefore, questions have always been raised as to whether, there is an efficient and economical method to reduce the harmful effects of repeated use of frying edible oil. Since hibiscus has been stated to have a wide variety of therapeutic effects, it was important to investigate its properties against harmful effects of free radicals. The current study aspires to find out whether irradiated powder of hibiscus has a protective role against adverse effects of repeated use of frying edible oil. Thirty-five adult male albino rats were equally assigned into five groups. First group"G1" was fed with normal diet as control group, meanwhile, group"G2" the diet mixed with fresh oil, "G3" diet mixed with repeatedly frying oil only, "G4" diet mixed with frying oil treated with hibiscus and "G5" diet mixed with frying oil treated with irradiated hibiscus. Feeding duration was six weeks. Fatty acid analyses of oil as well as peroxide values were determined. Blood and liver samples were collected for biochemical analyses as well as histological study. Repeatedly heated cooked oil has significant increases in peroxide value, acid value, free fatty acid and both conjugated diene and triene compared with repeatedly frying oil treated with hibiscus. Also there are significant increases in cholesterol and triglyceride and impaired in liver functions in "G3"compared with others. In addition, relative to the hibiscus groups, there is a substantial reduction in oxygen consumption in "G3". Both hibiscus as well as irradiated hibiscus attract attention in order to play a vital and economical role against harmful effects of frequent use of frying edible oil on some biological functions but, irradiated hibiscus was more effective.

Resumo O processo de fritura repetida de óleo comestível da dieta tem papel potencial na geração de radicais livres que podem ter efeitos prejudiciais em algumas funções biológicas. Portanto, sempre se questionou se existe uma maneira eficiente e econômica de prevenir ou pelo menos reduzir os efeitos nocivos do uso repetido de óleo comestível para fritar. Como o hibisco tem ampla variedade de efeitos terapêuticos, foi importante investigar suas propriedades como agente antioxidante contra os efeitos nocivos dos radicais livres. O presente estudo pretende descobrir se o pó irradiado de hibisco tem papel protetor contra os efeitos adversos do uso repetido de óleo comestível para fritar. Trinta e cinco ratos albinos machos adultos foram divididos igualmente em cinco grupos. O primeiro grupo "G1" foi alimentado com dieta normal como grupo controle, enquanto o grupo "G2" dieta misturada com óleo fresco, dieta "G3" misturada com óleo de fritura repetida, dieta "G4" misturada com óleo de fritura tratada com hibisco e dieta "G5" misturada com óleo de fritura tratada com hibisco irradiado. A duração da alimentação foi de seis semanas. Foram determinadas as análises de ácidos graxos de óleo, bem como os valores de peróxidos. Amostras de sangue e fígado foram coletadas para análises bioquímicas e estudo histológico. O óleo cozido repetidamente aquecido tem aumentos significativos no valor de peróxido, valor de ácido, ácido graxo livre e dieno e trieno conjugados em comparação com óleo de fritura repetidamente tratado com hibisco. Também há aumentos significativos no colesterol e triglicérides e comprometimento das funções hepáticas no "G3" em comparação com outros. Além disso, em relação aos grupos de hibiscos, há uma redução substancial no consumo de oxigênio no "G3". Tanto o hibisco como o hibisco irradiado chamam atenção por desempenhar papel vital e econômico contra os efeitos nocivos do uso frequente de óleo comestível para fritar em algumas funções biológicas, mas o hibisco irradiado foi mais eficaz.

Acute physiological responses to "recovery intermittent hypoxia" in hiit / Respuestas agudas a la "hipoxia intermitente de recuperación" en el hiit / Respostas fisiológicas agudas à "hipóxia intermitente de recuperação" no hiit

ABSTRACT Introduction: Traditional intermittent hypoxia training improves sport performance after short periods of exposure, but acute exposure to intermittent hypoxia leads to decreased training intensity and technical quality. The solution to overcome these negative effects may be to perform efforts in normoxia and the intervals between efforts in hypoxia, maintaining the quality of training and the benefits of hypoxia. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the acute physiological responses to hypoxia exposure during recovery between high intensity efforts. Materials and methods: Randomized, one-blind, placebo-controlled study. Sixteen men performed a graded exercise test to determine their maximal intensity and two sessions of high-intensity interval training. The training intervals could be in hypoxia (HRT), FIO2: 0.136 or normoxia (NRT), FIO2: 0.209. During the two-minute interval between the ten one-minute efforts, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate (HR), blood lactate ([La]), blood glucose ([Glu]) were constantly measured. Results: There were differences in HR (TRN = 120 ± 14 bpm; TRH = 129 ± 13 bpm, p < 0.01) and SpO2 (TRN = 96.9 ± 1.0%; TRH = 86.2 ± 3.5%, p < 0.01). No differences in [La] and [Glu] TRN (4.4 ± 1.7 mmol.l-1; 3.9 ± 0.5 mmol.l-1) and TRH (5.2 ± 2.0 mmol.l-1; 4.0 ± 0.8 mmol.l-1, p = 0.17). Conclusion: The possibility of including hypoxia only in the recovery intervals as an additional stimulus to the training, without decreasing the quality of the training, was evidenced. Level of Evidence II; Randomized Clinical Trial of Minor Quality.

RESUMEN Introducción: El entrenamiento tradicional en hipoxia intermitente mejora el rendimiento deportivo tras cortos periodos de exposición, sin embargo, la exposición aguda a la hipoxia intermitente conduce a una disminución de la intensidad del entrenamiento y de la calidad técnica. La solución para superar estos efectos negativos puede ser realizar los esfuerzos en normoxia y los intervalos entre esfuerzos en hipoxia, manteniendo la calidad del entrenamiento y los beneficios de la hipoxia. Objetivo: Este estudio pretendía evaluar las respuestas fisiológicas agudas a la exposición a la hipoxia durante la recuperación entre esfuerzos de alta intensidad. Materiales y métodos: Estudio aleatorizado, a ciegas y controlado con placebo. Dieciséis hombres realizaron una prueba de ejercicio graduado para determinar su intensidad máxima y dos sesiones de entrenamiento por intervalos de alta intensidad. Los intervalos de entrenamiento podían ser en hipoxia (HRT), FIO2: 0,136 o normoxia (NRT), FIO2: 0,209. Durante el intervalo de dos minutos entre los diez esfuerzos de un minuto, se midieron constantemente la saturación periférica de oxígeno (SpO2), la frecuencia cardiaca (FC), el lactato en sangre ([La]) y la glucemia ([Glu]). Resultados: Hubo diferencias en la FC (TRN = 120 ± 14 lpm; TRH = 129 ± 13 lpm, p < 0,01) y la SpO2 (TRN = 96,9 ± 1,0%; TRH = 86,2 ± 3,5%, p < 0,01). No hubo diferencias en [La] y [Glu] TRN (4,4 ± 1,7 mmol.l-1; 3,9 ± 0,5 mmol.l-1) y TRH (5,2 ± 2,0 mmol.l-1; 4,0 ± 0,8 mmol.l-1, p = 0,17). Conclusión: Se evidenció la posibilidad de incluir hipoxia sólo en los intervalos de recuperación como estímulo adicional al entrenamiento sin disminuir la calidad del mismo. Nivel de Evidencia II; Ensayo Clínico Aleatorizado de Baja Calidad.

RESUMO Introdução: O treinamento de hipóxia intermitente tradicional melhora o desempenho esportivo após curtos períodos de exposição, porém a exposição aguda à hipóxia intermitente leva à diminuição da intensidade do treinamento e da qualidade técnica. A solução para superar esses efeitos negativos pode ser realizar esforços em normóxia e os intervalos entre os esforços em hipóxia, mantendo a qualidade do treinamento e os benefícios da hipóxia. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as respostas fisiológicas agudas à exposição de hipóxia durante a recuperação entre esforços de alta intensidade. Materiais e métodos: Estudo aleatório e one-blinded, com efeito placebo controlado. Dezesseis homens realizaram um teste de exercício graduado para determinar sua intensidade máxima e duas sessões de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade. Os intervalos de treinamento podem ser em hipóxia (TRH), FIO2: 0,136 ou normóxia (TRN), FIO2: 0,209. Durante os dois minutos de intervalo entre os dez esforços de um minuto, foram medidos constantemente a saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO2), frequência cardíaca (FC), lactato sanguíneo ([La]), glicemia ([Glu]). Resultados: Houve diferenças na FC (TRN = 120 ± 14 bpm; TRH = 129 ± 13 bpm, p <0,01) e SpO2 (TRN = 96,9 ± 1,0%; TRH = 86,2 ± 3,5%, p <0,01). Sem diferenças em [La] e [Glu] TRN (4,4 ± 1,7 mmol.l-1; 3,9 ± 0,5 mmol.l-1) e TRH (5,2 ± 2,0 mmol.l-1; 4,0 ± 0,8 mmol.l-1, p = 0,17). Conclusão: Evidenciou-se a possibilidade de incluir a hipóxia apenas nos intervalos de recuperação como um estímulo adicional ao treinamento, sem diminuir a qualidade do treinamento. Nível de Evidência II; Estudo Clínico Randomizado de Menor Qualidade.

The bioprotective role of irradiated hibiscus against harmful effects of using repeatedly frying edible oil

Abstract Repeatedly frying process of dietary edible oil has a potential role in the generation of free radicals. Therefore, questions have always been raised as to whether, there is an efficient and economical method to reduce the harmful effects of repeated use of frying edible oil. Since hibiscus has been stated to have a wide variety of therapeutic effects, it was important to investigate its properties against harmful effects of free radicals. The current study aspires to find out whether irradiated powder of hibiscus has a protective role against adverse effects of repeated use of frying edible oil. Thirty-five adult male albino rats were equally assigned into five groups. First groupG1 was fed with normal diet as control group, meanwhile, groupG2 the diet mixed with fresh oil, G3 diet mixed with repeatedly frying oil only, G4 diet mixed with frying oil treated with hibiscus and G5 diet mixed with frying oil treated with irradiated hibiscus. Feeding duration was six weeks. Fatty acid analyses of oil as well as peroxide values were determined. Blood and liver samples were collected for biochemical analyses as well as histological study. Repeatedly heated cooked oil has significant increases in peroxide value, acid value, free fatty acid and both conjugated diene and triene compared with repeatedly frying oil treated with hibiscus. Also there are significant increases in cholesterol and triglyceride and impaired in liver functions in G3compared with others. In addition, relative to the hibiscus groups, there is a substantial reduction in oxygen consumption in G3. Both hibiscus as well as irradiated hibiscus attract attention in order to play a vital and economical role against harmful effects of frequent use of frying edible oil on some biological functions but, irradiated hibiscus was more effective.

Resumo O processo de fritura repetida de óleo comestível da dieta tem papel potencial na geração de radicais livres que podem ter efeitos prejudiciais em algumas funções biológicas. Portanto, sempre se questionou se existe uma maneira eficiente e econômica de prevenir ou pelo menos reduzir os efeitos nocivos do uso repetido de óleo comestível para fritar. Como o hibisco tem ampla variedade de efeitos terapêuticos, foi importante investigar suas propriedades como agente antioxidante contra os efeitos nocivos dos radicais livres. O presente estudo pretende descobrir se o pó irradiado de hibisco tem papel protetor contra os efeitos adversos do uso repetido de óleo comestível para fritar. Trinta e cinco ratos albinos machos adultos foram divididos igualmente em cinco grupos. O primeiro grupo G1 foi alimentado com dieta normal como grupo controle, enquanto o grupo G2 dieta misturada com óleo fresco, dieta G3 misturada com óleo de fritura repetida, dieta G4 misturada com óleo de fritura tratada com hibisco e dieta G5 misturada com óleo de fritura tratada com hibisco irradiado. A duração da alimentação foi de seis semanas. Foram determinadas as análises de ácidos graxos de óleo, bem como os valores de peróxidos. Amostras de sangue e fígado foram coletadas para análises bioquímicas e estudo histológico. O óleo cozido repetidamente aquecido tem aumentos significativos no valor de peróxido, valor de ácido, ácido graxo livre e dieno e trieno conjugados em comparação com óleo de fritura repetidamente tratado com hibisco. Também há aumentos significativos no colesterol e triglicérides e comprometimento das funções hepáticas no G3 em comparação com outros. Além disso, em relação aos grupos de hibiscos, há uma redução substancial no consumo de oxigênio no G3. Tanto o hibisco como o hibisco irradiado chamam atenção por desempenhar papel vital e econômico contra os efeitos nocivos do uso frequente de óleo comestível para fritar em algumas funções biológicas, mas o hibisco irradiado foi mais eficaz.

Down-regulation of XBP1s alleviates the senescence of renal tubular epithelial cells induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation through Sirt3/SOD2/mtROS signaling pathway / 器官移植

Objective To investigate the role and mechanism of spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) in the senescence of primary renal tubular epithelial cells induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). Methods Primary renal tubular epithelial cells were divided into the normal control group (NC group), H/R group, empty adenovirus negative control group (Ad-shNC group), targeted silencing XBP1s adenovirus group (Ad-shXBP1s group), empty adenovirus+H/R treatment group (Ad-shNC+H/R group) and targeted silencing XBP1s adenovirus+H/R treatment group (Ad-shXBP1s +H/R group), respectively. The expression levels of XBP1s in the NC, H/R, Ad-shNC and Ad-shXBP1s groups were measured. The number of cells stained with β-galactosidase, the expression levels of cell aging markers including p53, p21 and γH2AX, and the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined in the Ad-shNC, Ad-shNC+H/R and Ad-shXBP1s+H/R groups. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was employed to verify Sirtuin 3 (Sirt3) of XBP1s transcription regulation, and the expression levels of Sirt3 and downstream SOD2 after down-regulation of XBP1s were detected. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) were detected by flow cytometry. Results Compared with the NC group, the expression level of XBP1s was up-regulated in the H/R group. Compared with the Ad-shNC group, the expression level of XBP1s was down-regulated in the Ad-shXBP1s group (both P<0.001). Compared with the Ad-shNC group, the number of cells stained with β-galactosidase was increased, the expression levels of p53, p21 and γH2AX were up-regulated, the levels of ROS, MDA and mtROS were increased, the SOD activity was decreased, the expression level of Sirt3 was down-regulated, and the ratio of Ac-SOD2/SOD2 was increased in the Ad-shNC+H/R group. Compared with the Ad-shNC+H/R group, the number of cells stained with β-galactosidase was decreased, the expression levels of p53, p21 and γH2AX were down-regulated, the levels of ROS, MDA and mtROS were decreased, the SOD activity was increased, the expression level of Sirt3 was up-regulated and the ratio of Ac-SOD2/SOD2 was decreased in the Ad-shXBP1s+H/R group (all P<0.05). Conclusions Down-regulation of XBP1s may ameliorate the senescence of primary renal tubular epithelial cells induced by H/R, which probably plays a role through the Sirt3/SOD2/mtROS signaling pathway.

Research progress on association between macrophages and ischemia-reperfusion injury / 器官移植

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is an extremely complicated pathophysiological process, which may occur during the process of myocardial infarction, stroke, organ transplantation and temporary interruption of blood flow during surgery, etc. As key molecules of immune system, macrophages play a vital role in the pathogenesis of IRI. M1 macrophages are pro-inflammatory cells and participate in the elimination of pathogens. M2 macrophages exert anti-inflammatory effect and participate in tissue repair and remodeling and extracellular matrix remodeling. The balance between macrophage phenotypes is of significance for the outcome and treatment of IRI. This article reviewed the role of macrophages in IRI, including the balance between M1/M2 macrophage phenotype, the mechanism of infiltration and recruitment into different ischemic tissues. In addition, the potential therapeutic strategies of targeting macrophages during IRI were also discussed, aiming to provide reference for alleviating IRI and promoting tissue repair.

Effect of Salvianolic Acid B Combined with Puerarin on Pyroptosis of SH-SY5Y Cells Injured by Oxygen-glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect and mechanism of salvianolic acid B combined with puerarin in protecting the SH-SY5Y cells from the damage by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation （OGD/R） based on pyroptosis. MethodSH-SY5Y cells were used to establish the model of OGD/R， and cells were classified into the control， OGD/R， 10 μmol·L-1 salvianolic acid B， 100 μmol·L-1 puerarin， 10 μmol·L-1 salvianolic acid B + 100 μmol·L-1 puerarin， and 10 μmol·L-1 NOD-like receptor protein 3 （NLRP3） inhibitor MCC950 groups. Except the control group， other groups were rapidly reoxygenated for 12 h after 6 h OGD for modeling. The cell survival rate was determined by the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium （MTT） assay. An optical microscope was used to observe the cell morphology. A spectrophotometer was used to determine the content of lactic dehydrogenase （LDH） in culture supernatant. Cell damage was measured by Hoechst/PI staining. The mRNA levels of NLRP3， cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 （Caspase-1）， gasdermin D （GSDMD）， apoptosis-associated speck-like protein （ASC）， and interleukin-1β （IL-1β） were determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. The protein activation of Caspase-1 and NLRP3 was detected by immunofluorescence. Western blot was employed to determine the protein levels of IL-1β， ASC， NLRP3， Caspase-1， and cleaved Caspase-1. ResultCompared with the control group， the OGD/R group showed decreased cell survival rate （P<0.01）， damaged cell morphology， increased leakage rate of LDH （P<0.01）， up-regulated mRNA levels of NLRP3， Caspase-1， GSDMD， ASC， and IL-1β （P<0.01）， and up-regulated protein levels of IL-1β， ASC， NLRP3， Caspase-1， and cleaved Caspase-1 （P<0.01）. Compared with the OGD/R group， salvianolic acid B， puerarin， and salvianolic acid B combined with puerarin improved cell survival rate （P<0.01）， and the combined treatment group outperformed salvianolic acid B and puerarin used alone （P<0.01）. Salvianolic acid B combined with puerarin and MCC950 both improved cell morphology， reduced the leakage of LDH （P<0.01）， alleviated cell damage， and down-regulated the mRNA levels of NLRP3， Caspase-1， GSDMD， ASC， and IL-1β （P<0.05， P<0.01） and also the protein levels of IL-1β， ASC， NLRP3， Caspase-1， and cleaved Caspase-1 （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionThe results indicated that salvianolic acid B combined with puerarin can alleviate the OGD/R-induced damage of SH-SY5Y cells by inhibiting pyroptosis.

Antitumor Effect of Fagopyri Dibotryis Rhizoma Extract on Colorectal Cancer Cells Through ROS/MAPK Signaling Pathway / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo observe the effects and underlying mechanisms of Fagopyri Dibotryis Rhizoma extract on the proliferation， apoptosis， and autophagy of human colorectal cancer HCT-116 cells. MethodFirstly， cellular activity was detected by the cell proliferation and activity-8 （CCK-8） assay， and the half inhibition rate （IC50） was calculated. Blank group and Fagopyri Dibotryis Rhizoma group （2， 4， 8 mg·L-1） were set. The effect of Fagopyri Dibotryis Rhizoma on the proliferation of HCT-116 cells was observed by cloning experiments， and that of Fagopyri Dibotryis Rhizoma on apoptosis was observed by flow cytometry. The expressions of autophagy-related proteins， p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase （p38 MAPK）， extracellular signal-regulated kinase （ERK）， c-Jun amino-terminal kinase （JNK）， phosphorylated （p）-p38， p-ERK， p-JNK， and other proteins were detected by Western blot. Finally， flow cytometry instrumentation and fluorescence microscopy were used to analyze the changes in reactive oxygen species （ROS）， and a ROS scavenger （NAC） was adopted for verification. ResultCompared with the blank group， the activity of HCT-116 cells was significantly decreased in the Fagopyri Dibotryis Rhizoma group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The apoptosis rate of HCT-116 cells in the Fagopyri Dibotryis Rhizoma group was significantly increased （P<0.01）. The expression of autophagy-related protein ubiquitin-binding protein （p62） was decreased， but that of autophagy-specific genes （Beclin1） and autophagic microtubule-associated protein 1 light-chain 3B （LC3B） was enhanced （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the Fagopyri Dibotryis Rhizoma group， the apoptosis rate of HCT-116 cells in the Fagopyri Dibotryis Rhizoma + NAC group was significantly reduced （P<0.01）. The expression of related autophagy protein Beclin1 was significantly reduced （P<0.01）， and that of LC3B protein was reduced （P<0.01）. In addition， the expression of MAPK pathway-related proteins ERK and JNK was decreased in the Fagopyri Dibotryis Rhizoma group （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and that of p-ERK and p-JNK was enhanced （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionFagopyri Dibotryis Rhizoma can inhibit the proliferation of HCT-116 cells and induce apoptosis and autophagy through the ROS/MAPK signaling pathway.

Buzhong Yiqitang Regulates Apoptosis via Nrf2/ROS Pathway to Alleviate Cisplatin Resistance in A549/DDP Cells / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of Buzhong Yiqitang-containing serum in alleviating the cisplatin resistance in human non-small cell lung cancer （A549/DDP） cells via regulating the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 （Nrf2）/reactive oxygen species （ROS） signaling pathway. MethodThe serum containing Buzhong Yiqitang was prepared and A549/DDP cells were cultured and randomly grouped： blank （10% blank serum）， cisplatin （10% blank serum+20 mg·L-1 cisplatin）， Buzhong Yiqitang （10% Buzhong Yiqitang-containing serum+20 mg·L-1 cisplatin）， ML385 （10% blank serum+5 μmol·L-1 ML385+20 mg·L-1 cisplatin）， Buzhong Yiqitang+ML385 （10% Buzhong Yiqitang-containing serum+5 μmol·L-1 ML385+20 mg·L-1 cisplatin）， tertiary butylhydroquinone （TBHQ） （10% blank serum+5 μmol·L-1 TBHQ+20 mg·L-1 cisplatin）， and Buzhong Yiqitang+TBHQ （10% Buzhong Yiqitang-containing serum+5 μmol·L-1 TBHQ+20 mg·L-1 cisplatin）. The median inhibitory concentration （IC50） of cisplatin in each group was determined by the cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） method and the resistance index （RI） was calculated. The apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry. The ROS content of each group was determined with the DCFH-DA fluorescence probe. Western blot was employed to determine the protein levels of Nrf2， cleaved cysteinyl aspartate-specific protease-3 （cleaved Caspase-3）， cytochrome C （Cyt C）， and B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）. ResultCompared with those in the cisplatin group， the IC50 and RI of A549/DDP cells to cisplatin in Buzhong Yiqitang， ML385， and Buzhong Yiqitang+ML385 groups decreased （P˂0.05）. Compared with the blank group， the cisplatin， Buzhong Yiqitang， ML385， and Buzhong Yiqitang+ML385 groups showed increased apoptosis rate of A549/DDP cells （P˂0.05）. Compared with the blank group， cisplatin promoted the expression of Nrf2 （P˂0.05）. Compared with the cisplatin group， Buzhong Yiqitang， ML385， and Buzhong Yiqitang+ML385 inhibited the expression of Nrf2 （P<0.05）， elevated the ROS level （P˂0.05）， up-regulated the protein levels of cleaved Caspase-3 and Cyt C， and down-regulated the protein level of Bcl-2 （P<0.05）， which were the most significant in the Buzhong Yiqitang+ML385 group. Compared with the cisplatin group， the TBHQ group showed increased IC50 and RI of cisplatin （P<0.05）， decreased apoptosis rate of A549/DDP cells （P<0.05）， up-regulated protein levels of Nrf2 and Bcl-2 （P<0.05）， lowered level of ROS （P˂0.05）， and down-regulated protein levels of cleaved Caspase-3 and Cyt C （P<0.05）. Compared with the TBHQ group， Buzhong Yiqitang+TBHQ decreased the IC50 and RI of cisplatin in A549/DDP cells （P<0.05）， increased the apoptosis rate （P<0.05）， down-regulated the protein levels of Nrf2 and Bcl-2 （P<0.05）， increased ROS （P˂0.05）， and up-regulated the protein levels of cleaved Caspase-3 and Cyt C （P<0.05）. ConclusionBuzhong Yiqitang induced apoptosis by inhibiting Nrf2/ROS pathway to alleviate cisplatin resistance in A549/DDP cells.

Predição do Consumo de Oxigênio de Pico em Pacientes Cardiopatas com Base no Desempenho no Teste Timed Up and Go / Prediction of Peak Oxygen Consumption in Patients with Heart Disease Based on Performance on the Timed Up and Go Test

Resumo Fundamento A utilização do teste timed up and go (TUG) na avaliação da aptidão cardiorrespiratória em cardiopatas não está bem definida na literatura. Objetivos Testar a associação entre o TUG e o consumo de oxigênio de pico (VO2pico), construir uma equação com base no TUG para prever o VO2pico e determinar um ponto de corte para estimar um VO2pico ≥ 20 mL.kg−1.min−1. Métodos Estudo transversal com 201 indivíduos portadores de doença arterial coronariana ou insuficiência cardíaca, com idade entre 36 e 92 anos, submetidos ao TUG e ao teste cardiopulmonar de exercício. Foram realizadas análises de correlação, curva ROC, regressão linear múltipla e Bland-Altman. Um p < 0,05 foi adotado como significante. Resultados A média de idade da amostra total foi 67 ± 13 anos, e 70% dos participantes eram do sexo masculino. A média de VO2pico foi de 17 ± 6 mL.kg−1.min−1 e a média de desempenho no TUG foi de 7 ± 2,5 segundos. A correlação entre o VO2pico e o TUG foi r = −0,54 (p < 0,001) e R2 de 0,30. Foi desenvolvida a equação com base no TUG: V O 2 pico = 33 , 553 + ( − 0 , 149 ∗ idade ) + ( − 0 , 738 ∗ T U G ) + ( − 2 , 870 ∗ sexo ); sendo atribuído o valor 0 ao sexo masculino e 1 ao sexo feminino (R ajustado: 0,41; R2 ajustado: 0,40). O VO2pico estimado pela equação foi 18,81 ± 3,2 mL.kg−1.min−1 e o determinado pelo teste cardiopulmonar de exercício foi 18,18 ± 5,9 mL.kg−1.min−1 (p > 0,05). O melhor ponto de corte para o VO2pico ≥ 20 mL.kg−1.min−1 foi de ≤ 5,47 segundos (área sob a curva: 0,80; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,74 a 0,86). Conclusões O TUG e o VO2pico apresentaram associação significativa. A equação preditiva do VO2pico foi desenvolvida e validada internamente com bom desempenho. O ponto de corte no TUG para prever um VO2pico ≥ 20 mL.kg−1.min−1 foi ≤ 5,47 segundos.

Abstract Background The use of the timed up and go (TUG) test to assess cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with heart disease has not been well defined in the literature. Objectives Test the association between TUG and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), construct an equation based on TUG to predict VO2peak, and determine a cutoff point to estimate VO2peak ≥ 20 mL/kg/min. Methods This cross-sectional study included 201 patients with coronary artery disease or heart failure, between 36 and 92 years of age, who underwent TUG and cardiopulmonary exercise test. Correlation, ROC curve, multiple linear regression, and Bland-Altman analyses were performed. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results The mean age of the total sample was 67 ± 13 years, and 70% of participants were male. The mean VO2peak was 17 ± 6 mL/kg/min, and the mean TUG time was 7 ± 2.5 seconds. The correlation between VO2peak and TUG was r = −0.54 (p < 0.001), and R2 was 0.30. The following equation was developed based on TUG: V O 2 peak = 33.553 + ( − 0.149 × age ) + ( − 0.738 × TUG ) + ( − 2.870 × sex ); a value of 0 was assigned to the male sex and 1 to the female sex (adjusted R: 0.41; adjusted R2: 0.40). The VO2peak estimated by the equation was 18.81 ± 3.2 mL/kg/min, and the VO2peak determined by cardiopulmonary exercise test was 18.18 ± 5.9 mL/kg/min (p > 0.05). The best cutoff point in the TUG for VO2peak ≥ 20 mL/kg/min was ≤ 5.47 seconds (area under the curve: 0.80; 95% confidence interval: 0.74 to 0.86). Conclusions TUG and VO2peak showed a significant association. A prediction equation for VO2peak was developed and validated internally with good performance. The cutoff point in the TUG to predict VO2peak ≥ 20 mL/kg/min was ≤ 5.47 seconds.

The potential role of apigenin in the enhancement of the antioxidant adaptation to exercise by bioactive dietary compounds

Oxidative stress (OS) occurs when the antioxidant defense system is overwhelmed by the predominance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-oxidant factors. Several diseases such as hypertension, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by chronic OS. Physical exercise constitutes an affordable tool to prevent or ameliorate these conditions. However, during physical activity, acute ROS are produced inducing an activation in peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-Gamma Coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α), and nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), PGC-1α/Nrf2 pathway. This signaling pathway facilitates interaction with antioxidant response elements (ARE), thereby initiating an upregulation in the expression of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and mitochondrial biogenesis. In both cases, whether involving healthy animals or individuals engaged in physical exercise, supplementation with antioxidant scavengers leads to a reduction in the expression and activity of PGC-1α, SOD, CAT, and GPX across various tissues, which is not observed with indirect antioxidants. The preventive role of physical exercise against chronic OS is avoided when executed in conjunction with supplementation of scavenger antioxidants. However, similar to exercise, the indirect antioxidant apigenin can activate the PGC1-α/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Here, we summarize evidence supporting apigenin as a non-nutritional supplement that could enhance the adaptive effects of exercise, improving the endogenous antioxidant defense. Therefore, apigenin could be an interesting supplement to enhance the endogenous antioxidant adaptation induced by exercise in healthy subjects, but also to improve the effectiveness of exercise to prevent oxidative stress-associated diseases.

El estrés oxidativo (OS) ocurre cuando el sistema de defensa antioxidante es sobrepasado por el predominio de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS) y factores prooxidantes. Varias enfermedades como la hipertensión, la resistencia a la insulina, la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y enfermedades neurodegenerativas se caracterizan por un OS crónico. El ejercicio físico constituye una herramienta asequible para prevenir o mejorar estas enfermedades. Sin embargo, durante la actividad física, se producen ROS agudas que inducen una activación en la vía PGC-1α/Nrf2. Esta vía de señalización facilita la interacción con los elementos de respuesta antioxidante (ARE), iniciando así una regulación que permite la expresión de enzimas antioxidantes, incluidas SOD, CAT, GPX y biogénesis mitocondrial. En ambos casos, ya sea que se trate de animales sanos o de individuos que practican ejercicio físico, la suplementación con antioxidantes "scavengers" conduce a una reducción en la expresión y actividad de PGC-1α, SOD, CAT y GPX en varios tejidos, lo que no se observa con antioxidantes "indirectos". El papel preventivo del ejercicio físico contra el OS crónico se atenúa cuando se realiza en conjunto con la suplementación de antioxidantes "scavengers". Sin embargo, de manera similar al ejercicio, la apigenina es un antioxidante "indirecto" que puede activar la vía de señalización PGC1-α/Nrf2. Aquí, resumimos la evidencia que respalda a apigenina como un suplemento no-nutricional que podría mejorar los efectos adaptativos del ejercicio, mejorando la defensa antioxidante endógena de sujetos sanos que no tienen suficiente tiempo para hacer ejercicio.

Lack of change in the respiratory quotient during oxygen supply dependence in endotoxemic shock: a subanalysis of an experimental controlled study / Ausência de alteração no quociente respiratório durante a dependência do suprimento de oxigênio no choque endotoxêmico: subanálise de um estudo experimental controlado

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate if the reductions in systemic and renal oxygen consumption are associated with the development of evidence of anaerobic metabolism. Methods: This is a subanalysis of a previously published study. In anesthetized and mechanically ventilated sheep, we measured the respiratory quotient by indirect calorimetry and its systemic, renal, and intestinal surrogates (the ratios of the venous-arterial carbon dioxide pressure and content difference to the arterial-venous oxygen content difference. The Endotoxemic Shock Group (n = 12) was measured at baseline, after 60 minutes of endotoxemic shock, and after 60 and 120 minutes of fluid and norepinephrine resuscitation, and the values were compared with those of a Control Group (n = 12) without interventions. Results: Endotoxemic shock decreased systemic and renal oxygen consumption (6.3 [5.6 - 6.6] versus 7.4 [6.3 - 8.5] mL/minute/kg and 3.7 [3.3 - 4.5] versus 5.4 [4.6 - 9.4] mL/minute/100g; p < 0.05 for both). After 120 minutes of resuscitation, systemic oxygen consumption was normalized, but renal oxygen consumption remained decreased (6.3 [5.9 - 8.2] versus 7.1 [6.1 - 8.6] mL/minute/100g; p = not significance and 3.8 [1.9 - 4.8] versus 5.7 [4.5 - 7.1]; p < 0.05). The respiratory quotient and the systemic, renal and intestinal ratios of the venous-arterial carbon dioxide pressure and content difference to the arterial-venous oxygen content difference did not change throughout the experiments. Conclusion: In this experimental model of septic shock, oxygen supply dependence was not associated with increases in the respiratory quotient or its surrogates. Putative explanations for these findings are the absence of anaerobic metabolism or the poor sensitivity of these variables in detecting this condition.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar se as reduções do consumo de oxigênio sistêmico e renal estão associadas ao desenvolvimento de evidências de metabolismo anaeróbico. Métodos: Esta é uma subanálise de estudo já publicado. Em ovinos anestesiados e ventilados mecanicamente, medimos o quociente respiratório por calorimetria indireta e seus substitutos sistêmicos, renais e intestinais (as razões entre a diferença de pressão venoarterial do teor de dióxido de carbono e a diferença arteriovenosa do teor de oxigênio). O Grupo Choque Endotoxêmico (n = 12) foi medido inicialmente, após 60 minutos do choque endotoxêmico e após 60 e 120 minutos da ressuscitação com fluidos e norepinefrina, e os valores foram comparados com os do Grupo Controle (n = 12) sem intervenções. Resultados: O choque endotoxêmico diminuiu o consumo de oxigênio sistêmico e renal (6,3 [5,6 - 6,6] versus 7,4 [6,3 - 8,5] mL/minuto/kg e 3,7 [3,3 - 4,5] versus 5,4 [4,6 - 9,4] mL/minuto/100g; p < 0,05 para ambos). Após 120 minutos de ressuscitação, o consumo sistêmico de oxigênio foi normalizado, mas o consumo renal de oxigênio permaneceu reduzido (6,3 [5,9 - 8,2] versus 7,1 [6,1 - 8,6] mL/minuto/100g; p = NS e 3,8 [1,9 - 4,8] versus 5,7 [4,5 - 7,1]; p < 0,05). O quociente respiratório e as razões sistêmica, renal e intestinal entre a diferença na pressão venoarterial do teor de dióxido de carbono e a diferença arteriovenosa do teor de oxigênio não se alteraram ao longo dos experimentos. Conclusão: Nesse modelo experimental de choque séptico, a dependência do suprimento de oxigênio não foi associada a aumentos no quociente respiratório ou em seus substitutos. As explicações possíveis para esses achados são a ausência de metabolismo anaeróbico ou a baixa sensibilidade dessas variáveis na detecção dessa condição.

Arterial oxygen saturation in healthy Mexican full-term newborns at different altitudes above sea level / Saturación arterial de oxígeno en recien nacidos mexicanos a término sanos a diferentes altitudes sobre el nivel del mar

Abstract Background: Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) values are used to make clinical decisions that might change a patient's prognosis, and it has been proposed as the fifth vital sign. This study aimed to determine the variation of SaO2 at different altitudes above sea level (ASL) in healthy Mexican full-term newborns. Methods: From July 2018 to June 2019, a cross-over study was conducted in six hospitals at different altitudes ASL in Mexico. SaO2 was measured in 4015 newborns after the first 24 h of birth and before leaving the hospital using pulse oximetry. We analyzed three groups: < 250 m ASL (group 1), 1500 m ASL (group 2), and 2250 m ASL (group 3). Results: The mean SaO2 was 97.6 ± 1.8%. For group 1, mean oxygen saturation was 98.2 ± 1.9%; for group 2, 96.7 ± 1.9%, and for group 3, 96.0 ± 2.1%. A statistically significant difference was observed among the groups (p < 0.001), and this difference was higher between groups 1 and 2 (1.5%, p < 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed a decrease in oxygen saturation of 1.01% for every 1000 m ASL. Conclusions: We demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in SaO2 levels at higher altitudes. This observation can be relevant for clinical decision-making based on pulse oximetry such as critical congenital heart disease screening in Mexico, where more than half of the population lives above 1500 m ASL.

Resumen Introducción: Los valores de SaO2 (saturación de oxígeno) se utilizan para la toma de decisiones clínicas que podrían cambiar el pronóstico del paciente. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la variación de la SaO2 en recién nacidos mexicanos a término sanos a diferentes altitudes en México. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal en seis hospitales situados a diferentes altitudes en México. Se determinó la SaO2 usando oximetría de pulso en 4015 recién nacidos después de las primeras 24 horas de vida, pero antes del egreso del hospital de nacimiento. Se formaron tres grupos para el análisis: grupo 1 con altitud < 250 m sobre el nivel del mar (SNM); grupo 2, altitud de 1500 m SNM y grupo 3, altitud de 2250 m SNM. Resultados: El promedio de la SaO2 fue de 97.6 ± 1.8%. Para el grupo 1, la media fue 98.2 ± 1.9%, para el 2, 96.7 ± 1.9% y para el 3, 96.0 ± 2.1%. Se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos (p < 0.001), que fue mayor entre los grupos 1 y 2 (1.5%, p < 0.001). El análisis de regresión lineal mostró una reducción de 1.01% en la SaO2 por cada 1000 m SNM. Conclusiones: Se demostró una disminución estadísticamente significativa de los valores de SaO2 conforme aumenta la altitud. Esto puede ser de particular relevancia en la toma de decisions clínicas basadas en la oximetría de pulso, como el tamiz neonatal cardiaco, sobre todo en México donde mas de la mitad de la población vive a una altitud superior a 1500 m SNM.

Effect of mobile phone radiofrequency electromagnetic radiations on oxidative stress and feeding behaviour in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats

Objectives: Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from mobile phones is known to produce a stress response because of its effect on hypothalamus. Mobile phones have become an integral part of our lives with increasing usage not only in terms of number of users but also increase in talk time. The present study aimed to study the effect of mobile phone radiofrequency electromagnetic radiations on oxidative stress and feeding behaviour assessment in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Materials and Methods: Twelve male SD rats of 10–12 weeks old, weighing 180–220 g, were housed and allowed to acclimatise in a room with 12:12 h light-dark cycle with ad libitum amount of food and reverse osmosis (RO) water before the start of the study. Then, rats were divided into control and RF-EMR exposed groups, and everyday feed intake and body weight were measured. At the end of the study period, blood sample was collected through retro orbital puncture for biochemical investigations. Results: The present study showed significant increase in malondialdehyde and serum corticosterone levels and decrease feeding behaviour in rats exposed to RF-EMR in rats exposed to RF-EMR. Conclusion: This study proves that mobile RF-EMR causes oxidative stress and oxidative damage leading to decreased feeding behaviour in SD rats.

A Case Report of Mucormycosis in a Patient with a Recent History of COVID-19 Infection in India

Introduction: Mucormycosis is an angio-invasive fungal infection that increased significantly during the 2nd wave of the Covid-19 pandemic in India. The rise of cases was attributed to inflammatory changes, poor quality oxygen, immune suppression, and corticosteroid therapy. Case Presentation: This case study reports the history, treatment, and rehabilitation of a case of post-Covid-19 mucormycosis infection. The patient was admitted to the hospital following respiratory distress, at the beginning of the 2nd Covid-19 wave in India. Intravenous antibiotics, steroids, and moist O2 were administered, intensive support was provided and the patient was discharged after 13 days. Following extraction of 17, the patient reported signs of oro-antral communication which was managed by performing antral lavage and buccal advanced flap closure. Histopathological investigation of tissue salvaged during the procedure revealed the presence of fungal hyphae. Management and Prognosis: Following diagnosis, anti-fungal medication was prescribed, and a maxillectomy was performed to remove the affected tissue. On follow-up, the tissue healed with no further complications or symptoms, and rehabilitation was performed using an obturators and are movable complete denture. Histopathological investigations were carried out on the tissue salvaged during maxillectomy which confirmed Mucormycosis infection. Conclusion: The importance of histopathological investigation in the diagnosis of any infectious disease is enumerated in this paper

Factors Associated with Low Back Pain in Coffee Pickers from Chinchiná and Palestina (Colombia)

Objective. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of low back pain and associated risk factors among coffee pickers. Methods. The participants completed a survey and underwent tests to determine flexibility and V̇O2max. Results. Among 98 coffee pickers with an average age of 44.7 (±13.7), 58.2% had experienced low back pain. The average duration and intensity of low back pain in the patients were 6.0 ± 6.5 years and 47.1 ± 21.0 mm/100 mm respectively. The average values of body fat and V̇O2max were 13.2 ± 2.8% y 32.5 ± 8.6 ml.kg-1.min-1 respectively. Regression analysis showed that for a higher V̇O2max value decreased the probability of experiencing low back pain, while a higher body fat content increased the probability of suffering from low back pain. Conclusions. There is a high prevalence of low back pain among coffee pickers from Chinchiná and Palestina. Higher body fat content increases the likelihood of experiencing lumbar pain, while elevated levels of V̇O2max decrease it.

Objetivo. El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia del dolor lumbar y los factores de riesgo asociados entre los recolectores de café. Métodos. Los participantes respondieron a una encuesta y se sometieron a pruebas para determinar la flexibilidad y el V̇O2max. Resultados. Entre 98 recolectores de café de 44,7 años (±13,7), el 58,2% había experimentado dolor lumbar. La duración e intensidad promedio del dolor lumbar en los pacientes fue de 6,0 ± 6,5 años y 47,1 ± 21,0 mm/100 mm, respectivamente. Los valores promedio de grasa corporal y V̇O2max fueron 13.2 ± 2.8% y 32.5 ± 8.6 ml.kg-1.min-1 respectivamente. El análisis de regresión demostró que para un valor alto de V̇O2max la probabilidad de padecer dolor lumbar es menor mientras que para un valor alto de contenido de grasa corporal la probabilidad de sufrir dolor lumbar es mayor. Conclusiones. Existe una alta prevalencia de dolor lumbar entre los recolectores de café de Chinchiná y Palestina. Un mayor contenido de grasa corporal incrementa la probabilidad de padecer lumbalgia, mientras que niveles elevados de V̇O2max la disminuye.

Objetivo. O estudo teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência da dor lombar e fatores de risco associados entre os catadores de café. Métodos. Os participantes responderam a uma enquete e foram submetidos a testes para determinar flexibilidade e V̇O2max. Resultados. Entre 98 catadores de café com 44,7 anos (±13,7), 58,2% apresentavam dor lombar. A duração média e intensidade da dor lombar nos pacientes foi de 6,0 ± 6,5 anos e 47,1 ± 21,0 mm/100 mm, respectivamente. Os valores médios de gordura corporal e V̇O2max foram 13,2 ± 2,8% e 32,5 ± 8,6 ml.kg-1.min-1 respectivamente. A análise de regressão amostrou que para um alto valor de V̇O2max a probabilidade de sofrer lombalgia é menor enquanto que para um alto índice de gordura corporal a probabilidade de sofrer lombalgia é maior. Conclusões. Tem uma alta prevalência da dor lombar entre os catadores de café de Chinchiná e Palestina. Um valor mais alto de V̇O2max diminui a probabilidade de sofrer lombalgia, enquanto um valor alto de gordura corporal a aumenta.

Evaluación del Rendimiento y Producción de Humedad de los Humidificadores de Burbuja usados con Mascarillas Oxígeno de Concentración Variable / Evaluation of the Performance and Humidity Production of Bubble Humidifiers used with Variable Concentration Oxygen Masks

Introducción. Introducción. El uso de humidificadores de burbuja asociados a equipos de oxigenoterapia es una práctica común en los centros hospitalarios de nuestro país. Sin embargo, no se ha evaluado el aporte real de humedad que entregan estos equipos cuando son usados con sistemas de concentración variable a distintas concentraciones de oxígeno. Además, se han descrito problemas de funcionamiento en la entrega de oxígeno cuando se han ocupado este tipo de humidificador. Objetivo. Determinar el aporte real de humedad que entregan los humidificadores de burbuja al ser usados con sistemas de oxigenoterapia de concentración variable. Métodos. Se evaluaron 10 humidificadores de burbuja, marca Hudson RCI®, con válvula liberadora de presión, los cuales se conectaron a un sistema de oxigenoterapia de concentración variable (Marca Hudson RCI®, modelo MULTI-VENT). La medición de la humedad relativa (HR) se realizó en una cámara de acrílico, donde se conectó el inyector del sistema de oxigenoterapia. Para medir H.R. y temperatura se utilizó un higrómetro digital (Veto®, Italia) y un higrómetro análogo (Hygromat®, Alemania). Cada medición requirió un tiempo de 5 minutos para lograr un valor estable. Se realizaron mediciones de la humedad relativa y temperatura entregada por este sistema, con y sin humidificador, a concentraciones de oxígeno de 0.24, 0.26, 0.28, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4 y 0.5. Resultados. Para las la temperatura, no hubo diferencias entre las mediciones realizadas con y sin humidificador de burbuja. Para la humedad relativa, sólo hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas a concentraciones de oxígeno altas (> 0.35), pero con escaso cambio en la entrega de humedad absoluta. Cuando se utilizó flujos operativos ≥ 6 L/min se activó la válvula liberadora de presión del humidificador. Conclusión. El uso de humidificadores de burbuja asociados a sistemas de oxigenoterapia de concentración variable no genera un aumento significativo de la humedad entregada a concentraciones bajas de oxigeno, por lo cual se podría prescindir de su uso.

Background. The use of bubble humidifiers associated with oxygen therapy equipment is a common practice in hospitals in our country. However, the real contribution of humidity delivered by these equipments when used with variable concentration systems at different oxygen concentrations has not been evaluated. In addition, operating problems have been described in the delivery of oxygen when this type of humidifier has been used. Objetive. Determine the real contribution of humidity delivered by bubble humidifiers when used with variable concentration oxygen therapy systems. Methods. 10 Hudson RCI® brand bubble humidifiers with a pressure release valve were evaluated, which were connected to a variable concentration oxygen therapy system (Hudson RCI® brand, MULTI-VENT model). The relative humidity (RH) was measured in an acrylic chamber, where the injector of the oxygen therapy system was connected. To measure R.H. and temperature, a digital hygrometer (Veto®, Italy) and an analog hygrometer (Hygromat®, Germany) were used. Each measurement required a time of 5 minutes to achieve a stable value. Measurements of the relative humidity and temperature delivered by this system were made, with and without a humidifier, at oxygen concentrations of 0.24, 0.26, 0.28, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4 and 0.5. Results. For temperature, there were no differences between the measurements made with and without a bubble humidifier. For relative humidity, there were only statistically significant differences at high oxygen concentrations (> 0.35), but with little change in absolute humidity delivery. When operating flows ≥ 6 L/min were used, the humidifier pressure relief valve was activated. Conclusion. The use of bubble humidifiers associated with variable concentration oxygen therapy systems does not generate a significant increase in the humidity delivered at low oxygen concentrations, so their use could be dispensed with.